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With the anticipated increase in demand for critical minerals to enable energy and digital transition, governments are increasingly turning to government-to-government (G2G) deals and partnership frameworks to diversify supply chains and secure access to critical raw materials. Since January 2025, the United States, for example, has signed at least 20 bilateral frameworks, memoranda of understanding... View Article

Record gold prices are driving a surge in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), yet illicit flows undermine revenues, communities, and global security. The price of gold has risen by approximately 500% since 2008, making it one of the world’s most sought-after commodities. Yet the sector faces significant challenges. An estimated 20% of global gold... View Article

Critical minerals lie at the intersection of industrial ambitions, climate urgency, and geopolitical strategy. Yet, the trade and investment frameworks that govern them are misaligned with the realities of a just and sustainable energy transition. Aligning mineral security with climate and development goals is essential if the energy transition is to deliver shared prosperity rather... View Article

Mining is a large global industry. Annual output across 66 countries is worth around an estimated US $1.6 trillion. Yet local communities located around mine sites and host countries often see limited benefits. This is why governments adopt “local content” policies to enhance economic opportunities for local people and the country at large. In this... View Article

The energy and digital transitions are driving a surge in demand for critical minerals, creating opportunities for resource-rich companies to boost revenues. Ring-fencing is a policy option that can affect revenue timing and amounts, but its suitability depends on key factors that must be assessed before implementation.