{"id":3262,"date":"2020-07-08T14:48:43","date_gmt":"2020-07-08T14:48:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.igfmining.org\/stage_new\/en-fr-analysis-mining-taxes-are-on-the-rise-in-africa\/"},"modified":"2023-03-22T14:50:03","modified_gmt":"2023-03-22T14:50:03","slug":"en-fr-analysis-mining-taxes-are-on-the-rise-in-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.igfmining.org\/stage\/en-fr-analysis-mining-taxes-are-on-the-rise-in-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"[EN\/FR] Analysis: Mining taxes are on the rise in Africa"},"content":{"rendered":"

** Fran\u00e7ais ci-dessous**<\/a><\/p>\n

Recent legislative evolutions are raising the tax burden borne by mining companies<\/strong>. The following trends emerged from research based on the African mining taxation database<\/a>, created by FERDI, in partnership with Cerdi, ICTD, ENS Lyon, and the MEAE.<\/p>\n

The mining sector is an important contributor to tax revenues in many African countries.<\/strong> In 2015, the extractive sector accounted for more than 20% of the total revenues of nine countries on the continent, according to the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative. Mining tax systems must then both attract investors and ensure sufficient revenues for governments. Following the increase in commodity prices in the second half of the 2000s, most African countries reformed their mining laws in order to capture a larger share of the rent generated by mining companies. This trend continues: mining royalty rates are rising, mineral resource rent taxes are reappearing, and free equity for the state is becoming more and more common.<\/p>\n

\n

In the case of gold, out of a sample of 18 sub-Saharan African countries, 13 countries raised royalty rates between 2008 and 2018.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Mining royalty rates are rising<\/strong>. The mining royalty is an ad valorem tax that taxes the value of the ore when it is sold or exported. It accounts for a very large share of tax revenues from the mining sector. Mining royalty rates often vary by mineral. In the case of gold, out of a sample of 18 sub-Saharan African countries, 13 countries raised royalty rates between 2008 and 2018. The median rates increased from 3% to 5%. Policy-makers have introduced variable royalty rates that adapt to fluctuations in commodity prices. Variable royalty rates for gold were created in Burkina Faso (2011), Mauritania (2012), Cote d\u2019Ivoire (2014), and Zimbabwe (2019).<\/p>\n

Mineral resource rent taxes are reappearing<\/strong>. Also known as additional profits tax, the purpose of the rent tax, as its name suggests, is to directly tax the mineral resource rent (i.e., net cash flows). According to economic theory, this tax would be economically neutral because it would not influence investment and production decisions. In practice, it is difficult to estimate ex ante the rent of a mining project, and the definition of the tax base is particularly complex and problematic. Until 2017, mineral resource rent taxes were gradually disappearing from legislation. Out of a sample of 21 sub-Saharan African countries, Zimbabwe was the last country to retain an additional profits tax. But in 2018, three countries introduced levies into their legislation that could be similar to a rent tax: Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Sierra Leone. However, the relevance of these levies should be questioned. In the DRC and Chad, in particular, the base of these taxes does not seek to approximate the value of the rent, and the rate set at 50% seems particularly high.<\/p>\n

\n

The free equity for the state in the company is typically set at 10%, but the latest reforms set higher rates: 16% in Tanzania since 2017 and 12.5% in Chad since 2018.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Free state equity<\/strong> is increasingly common<\/strong>. States often require equity investment in mining companies. Becoming a shareholder allows the state to have access to information and receive dividends. Out of a sample of 21 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 16 were planning to participate in 2018, compared to only 10 in 2008. In addition, the required equity stakes are increasing. The free equity for the state in the company is typically set at 10%, but the latest reforms set higher rates: 16% in Tanzania since 2017 and 12.5% in Chad since 2018.<\/p>\n

The African mining taxation database allows for a detailed analysis of African mining tax systems and their historical evolution over time and includes 12 taxes and covers 22 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It is publicly available<\/a> to anyone who requests a login and agrees to the terms of access. A more comprehensive study<\/a> of recent evolutions in mining taxation was published in the Tax Law Review (Revue de Droit Fiscal)<\/em> in December 2019, and a short version was posted<\/a> on the ICTD website in March 2020.<\/p>\n

The preceding is a guest blog and does not represent the views or opinions of the IGF Secretariat or its member countries.<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>Analyse : la fiscalit\u00e9 mini\u00e8re augmente en Afrique<\/h1>\n

L\u2019\u00e9volution r\u00e9cente des l\u00e9gislations mini\u00e8res africaines tend vers une augmentation de la charge fiscale support\u00e9e par les entreprises mini\u00e8res industrielles<\/strong>. Les r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s ci-dessous sont issues de recherches qui s\u2019appuient sur la base de donn\u00e9es sur la fiscalit\u00e9 mini\u00e8re en Afrique<\/a>, cr\u00e9\u00e9 par la Ferdi, en partenariat avec le Cerdi, l\u2019ICTD, l\u2019ENS Lyon et le MEAE.<\/p>\n

Le secteur minier p\u00e8se un poids important dans les recettes fiscales de nombreux pays africains<\/strong>. En 2015, le secteur extractif repr\u00e9sentait ainsi plus de 20% des recettes totales de 9 pays du continent, d’apres l’Initiative pour la Transparence des Industries Extractives. Les syst\u00e8mes fiscaux miniers doivent \u00e0 la fois permettre d\u2019attirer les investisseurs et d\u2019assurer des recettes suffisantes pour les \u00c9tats. Suite \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation des cours des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res durant la seconde moiti\u00e9 des ann\u00e9es 2000, la plupart des \u00c9tats africains ont r\u00e9form\u00e9 leurs codes miniers afin de capter une part plus importante de la rente g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9e par les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s mini\u00e8res. Ce mouvement se poursuit encore : les taux des redevances mini\u00e8res sont en hausse, des taxes sur la rente r\u00e9apparaissent et les prises de participation des \u00c9tats dans le capital des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s mini\u00e8res sont de plus en plus r\u00e9pandues.<\/p>\n

\n

Dans le cas de l\u2019or, sur un \u00e9chantillon de 18 pays d\u2019Afrique sub-saharienne, 13 pays ont pris des mesures pour augmenter leur taux de redevance entre 2008 et 2018.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Les taux des redevances mini\u00e8res sont en hausse<\/strong>. La redevance mini\u00e8re est une taxe ad valorem qui frappe la valeur du minerai lors de sa vente ou de son exportation. Elle repr\u00e9sente une part tr\u00e8s importante des recettes fiscales issues du secteur minier. Les taux sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement diff\u00e9renci\u00e9s selon les minerais. Dans le cas de l\u2019or, sur un \u00e9chantillon de 18 pays d\u2019Afrique sub-saharienne, 13 pays ont pris des mesures pour augmenter leur taux de redevance entre 2008 et 2018. Le taux m\u00e9dian est ainsi pass\u00e9 de 3% \u00e0 5%. Plusieurs Etats ont introduit des taux variables selon le cours des minerais pour s\u2019adapter aux fluctuations des prix des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res. Des taux variables sur l\u2019or\u00a0ont \u00e9t\u00e9 introduit au Burkina Faso en 2011, en Mauritanie en 2012, en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire en 2014 et au Zimbabwe en 2019.<\/p>\n

Les taxes sur la rente r\u00e9apparaissent<\/strong>. Aussi appel\u00e9e imp\u00f4t sur les profits additionnels, la taxe sur la rente vise, comme son nom l\u2019indique, \u00e0 taxer directement la rente, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire les flux nets de tr\u00e9sorerie. Selon la th\u00e9orie \u00e9conomique, cette taxe serait \u00e9conomiquement neutre, car sans influence sur les d\u00e9cisions d\u2019investissement et de production. Dans la pratique, il est difficile d\u2019estimer ex ante la rente d\u2019un projet minier et la d\u00e9finition de l\u2019assiette fiscale est particuli\u00e8rement complexe et probl\u00e9matique. Jusqu\u2019en 2017, les taxes sur la rente tendaient progressivement \u00e0 dispara\u00eetre des l\u00e9gislations. Sur un \u00e9chantillon de 22 pays d\u2019Afrique sub-saharienne, le Zimbabwe \u00e9tait le dernier pays \u00e0 conserver une taxe sur les profits additionnels. Mais en 2018, 3 pays ont introduit dans leur l\u00e9gislation des pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements qui peuvent se rapprocher d\u2019une taxe sur la rente\u00a0: la R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo, la Sierra Leone et le Tchad. Cependant il convient de s\u2019interroger de la pertinence de ces pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements. En R\u00e9publique D\u00e9mocratique du Congo et au Tchad notamment, l\u2019assiette de ces taxes ne cherche pas \u00e0 approcher la valeur de la rente, et le taux fix\u00e9 \u00e0 50% semble particuli\u00e8rement \u00e9lev\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\n

La participation gratuite de l\u2019Etat au capital \u00e9tait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de 10%, mais les derniers pays fixent des taux plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s : 16% en Tanzanie depuis 2017 et 12,5% au Tchad depuis 2018.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Les prises de participation sont de plus en plus r\u00e9pandues<\/strong>. Les Etats peuvent exiger d\u2019entrer gratuitement au capital des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s mini\u00e8res. Devenir actionnaire permet non seulement \u00e0 l\u2019Etat d\u2019avoir un acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019information mais \u00e9galement de percevoir des dividendes. Sur un \u00e9chantillon de 21 pays d\u2019Afrique sub-saharienne, 16 pr\u00e9voyaient une participation obligatoire en 2018, alors qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient que 10 \u00e0 le faire en 2008. De plus, les taux exig\u00e9s sont en hausse. La participation gratuite de l\u2019Etat au capital \u00e9tait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de 10%, mais les derniers pays fixent des taux plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s\u00a0: 16% en Tanzanie depuis 2017 et 12,5% au Tchad depuis 2018.<\/p>\n

La base de donn\u00e9es sur la fiscalit\u00e9 mini\u00e8re en Afrique<\/a> permet une analyse fine des syst\u00e8mes fiscaux miniers africains et de leur \u00e9volution historique sur une longue p\u00e9riode, comprend 12 imp\u00f4ts et couvre 22 pays d\u2019Afrique sub-saharienne. Elle est accessible \u00e0 tous, sur simple demande aupr\u00e8s de la Ferdi, apr\u00e8s signature des termes d\u2019utilisation. Une \u00e9tude plus compl\u00e8te<\/a> de l\u2019\u00e9volution r\u00e9cente de la fiscalit\u00e9 mini\u00e8re a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e dans la Revue de Droit Fiscal en d\u00e9cembre 2019 et une version abr\u00e9g\u00e9e<\/a> a \u00e9t\u00e9 mise en ligne sur le site web de l\u2019ICTD en mars 2020.<\/p>\n

Ce qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8de est un blog invit\u00e9 et ne repr\u00e9sente pas les vues ou les opinions du Secr\u00e9tariat du IGF ou de ses pays membres.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Recent legislative evolutions are raising the tax burden borne by mining companies. 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