{"id":3216,"date":"2018-09-18T15:52:23","date_gmt":"2018-09-18T15:52:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.igfmining.org\/stage_new\/can-local-content-policies-encourage-local-value-addition-of-raw-minerals\/"},"modified":"2023-06-21T17:54:04","modified_gmt":"2023-06-21T17:54:04","slug":"can-local-content-policies-encourage-local-value-addition-of-raw-minerals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.igfmining.org\/stage\/can-local-content-policies-encourage-local-value-addition-of-raw-minerals\/","title":{"rendered":"Can Local Content Policies Encourage Local Value Addition of Raw Minerals?"},"content":{"rendered":"

**Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 suivre**<\/em><\/p>\n

The exploitation of mineral resources does not automatically translate into industrial development. This can be seen in many countries that are struggling to develop activities to enhance the benefits of their subsoils\u2019 assets. Raw materials are often extracted and exported without having been processed domestically or integrated into local supply chains. Subsequently, resource-rich countries\u2019 economies remain vulnerable to uncertainties caused by economic booms and busts resulting from commodity price cycles.<\/p>\n

What policies can promote domestic value addition and processing of minerals?<\/h4>\n

Over the last decade, a growing number of mining countries have established national strategies to promote industrialization. These strategies include domestic beneficiation of ores and the development of local supply chains. This is due to mounting public pressure, especially from countries that have not reaped any benefits from the windfalls of the mining sector.<\/p>\n

This type of industrial strategy often involves measures aimed at retaining a share of raw materials for domestic purposes. One of the most frequently used instruments is a local content policy. In the mining context, this consists of inducing or requiring mining industries to process all or part of the materials extracted in the country of origin or to hand them over to others for processing, so they can be transformed into products with a higher added value.<\/p>\n

The goal of these policies is the development of the underlying industrial sector and an increase in export values. Such policies are also fuelled by more political drives, such as rising tensions linked to increasing youth unemployment, election promises made in mining areas and unresolved colonial or historical legacies.<\/p>\n

The development of downstream industries is often seen as a diversification strategy aimed at sectors perceived to be less sensitive to economic boom and bust cycles. The main objective is to create a positive impacts, including outside the mining sector. This leads to the development of value and\/or supply chains that broaden the sector’s contribution to socioeconomic development, therefore limiting fiscal dependence. Successful diversification is able to thereby generate jobs, be a source of accelerated growth, and increase tax and trade revenues.<\/p>\n

\"local<\/p>\n

What have been the results?<\/h4>\n

International experience demonstrates that the outcomes of this type of strategy are rather mixed. Indeed, few countries have made a successful transition through local content policies alone, as they have often been developed in a rush or based on a political decision to ban the exportation of unprocessed raw materials without yet having the industrial capacity to process them on site.<\/p>\n

For example, this was the case for cobalt in 2008<\/a> and copper in 2011<\/a> in Katanga province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; for tanzanite in 2007<\/a> and mineral concentrates and ores (including gold, copper, nickel and silver) in 2017 in Tanzania; for chromium in 2011<\/a> in Zimbabwe and for nickel ore and tin in Indonesia in 2014. Some of these measures were soon abandoned due to the lack of local productive capacity or infrastructure, or because they caused unsustainable economic damage. The results of these policies were therefore not very persuasive.<\/p>\n

Other countries have seen more success with local content policies. Botswana has often been cited<\/a> as having successfully negotiated and obtained, from De Beers, a portion of the sorting and selling of diamonds in-country that had been previously carried out in London. Another interesting example, despite its limited oil resources, is Singapore<\/a>, which has used its world-class infrastructure and logistics networks, notably its port, to become a major regional platform. The country has successfully attracted oil refineries and other industries from the petrochemical sector to its free trade zones, becoming a major regional petroleum trading hub.<\/p>\n

What lessons can be learned from international experience?<\/h4>\n

The success or failure of local content policies to stimulate value addition in raw materials, and in particular the development of downstream linkages, necessarily depends on good governance of the sector. It also requires aligning government ambitions for the sector with national development plans and with policy and regulatory frameworks. The rules governing local content must remain realistic and must be designed according to available industrial capacities. They must not become obstacles, as that might jeopardize the development of the industry as a whole.<\/p>\n

The mere fact of being resource-rich is not sufficient to guarantee the successful transformation of raw materials into finished products. Some fundamentals are needed to attract and retain investment in processing industries, including: (i) access to a guaranteed market\u2014national, regional or international\u2014in order to sell the finished product, as upstream investment in processing activities is often expensive; (ii) the existence of an efficient and competitive infrastructure, such as transport and communications; (iii) a safe and reliable energy supply; (iv) a trained and competitive workforce; and (v) a favourable business climate for private sector development, such as measures to facilitate investments, access to credit at competitive rates and the absence of administrative barriers.<\/p>\n

IGF launches a local content guidance to support efforts in this area<\/h4>\n

To support countries in their efforts and in their decision-making process, the IGF has recently published a local content guidance for policy-makers,<\/a> as well as for any stakeholder directly or indirectly concerned by such policies, such as the mining industry, development actors and civil society.<\/p>\n

This guidance outlines four steps that allow countries to choose the most appropriate instrument(s), given their strengths and limitations, their characteristics and structural factors. The four steps are summarized as follows:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The guidance draws lessons from international practices, supported by 29 case studies, and provides examples of the types of incentives and regulatory options available to policy-makers, including to foster downstream linkages. As history demonstrates, it is not an easy challenge.<\/p>\n

La politique de contenu local peut-elle inciter la valorisation locale des minerais?<\/strong><\/h1>\n

L\u2019exploitation des ressources mini\u00e8res ne conduit pas forc\u00e9ment \u00e0 une croissance \u00e9conomique plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e. Elle ne se traduit pas non plus automatiquement en d\u00e9veloppement industriel, comme peuvent le t\u00e9moigner bons nombres de pays qui peinent \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper des activit\u00e9s visant \u00e0 valoriser les richesses de leurs sous-sols. En effet, les mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res y sont souvent extraites et export\u00e9es sans avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 enrichies ou sans avoir int\u00e9gr\u00e9 des fili\u00e8res locales. En cons\u00e9quence, la trajectoire \u00e9conomique reste vuln\u00e9rable face aux incertitudes caus\u00e9es par les cycles d\u2019expansion et de contraction des prix des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

Quelles politiques pour favoriser la valorisation et la transformation des minerais\u00a0?<\/h4>\n

Au cours de la derni\u00e8re d\u00e9cennie, sous la pression de plus en plus forte des peuples insatisfaits de ne pas b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier des retomb\u00e9es du secteur minier, un nombre croissant de pays miniers a mis en place des strat\u00e9gies nationales pour favoriser l\u2019industrialisation, notamment par l\u2019enrichissement sur place des minerais ou par la structuration de fili\u00e8res int\u00e9gr\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Ce genre de strat\u00e9gie industrielle passe souvent par des mesures visant \u00e0 retenir les mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res \u00e0 des fins d\u2019usage domestique. Un des instruments fr\u00e9quemment utilis\u00e9s est la politique de contenu local, qui dans le contexte de la valorisation des minerais, consiste \u00e0 inciter ou \u00e0 obliger les industries mini\u00e8res \u00e0 transformer or \u00e0 c\u00e9der toute ou partie de leur production dans le pays d\u2019extraction pour que celles-ci soient transform\u00e9es en produits \u00e0 plus haute valeur ajout\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Les principales motivations sont le d\u00e9veloppement du tissu industriel et la valorisation des exportations. Celles-ci sont \u00e9galement aliment\u00e9es par des motivations plus politiques, telles que la mont\u00e9e des tensions avec l\u2019accroissement du ch\u00f4mage des jeunes, les promesses \u00e9lectorales dans les zones mini\u00e8res ou encore l\u2019h\u00e9ritage colonial ou historique non-sold\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019industries situ\u00e9es en aval est souvent per\u00e7u comme une strat\u00e9gie de diversification vers des secteurs qui seraient moins sensibles aux cycles d\u2019expansion et de r\u00e9cession. L\u2019objectif principal est de cr\u00e9er un effet d\u2019entrainement sur le d\u00e9veloppement des chaines de valeur et\/ou d\u2019approvisionnement pour \u00e9largir la contribution de ce secteur au d\u00e9veloppement socio-\u00e9conomique et ainsi limiter la d\u00e9pendance fiscale. Une diversification r\u00e9ussie serait donc g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice d\u2019emplois, source de croissance acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e, de recettes fiscales et commerciales.<\/p>\n

\"local<\/h4>\n

Quels r\u00e9sultats\u00a0?<\/h4>\n

L\u2019exp\u00e9rience internationale nous indique que le bilan de ce type de strat\u00e9gie est assez mitig\u00e9. En effet, peu de pays ont r\u00e9ussi leur transition gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la seule politique de contenu local, car celle-ci \u00e9tait souvent \u00e9labor\u00e9e dans la pr\u00e9cipitation, ou bas\u00e9e sur une d\u00e9cision politique d\u2019interdire l\u2019exportation de mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res non-transform\u00e9es, sans avoir la capacit\u00e9 industrielle de les valoriser sur place. Ce fut le cas par exemple pour le cobalt<\/a> en 2008 et cuivre<\/a> dans la province du Katanga en RDC en 2011, pour la tanzanite en 2007 et les minerais bruts et non-trait\u00e9es<\/a> (notamment l\u2019or, le cuivre, le nickel et l\u2019argent) en Tanzanie en 2017, ou pour le chrome<\/a> en Zimbabwe en en 2011. Certaines de ces mesures avaient vite \u00e9t\u00e9 abandonn\u00e9es par manque de moyens de production locale ou d\u2019infrastructure, ou parce qu\u2019elles avaient paralys\u00e9 l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique dans certaines r\u00e9gions. Les r\u00e9sultats de ces politiques n\u2019\u00e9taient donc pas tr\u00e8s convaincants.<\/p>\n

D\u2019autres ont mieux fait. Le Botswana<\/a> est souvent cit\u00e9 pour avoir r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 n\u00e9gocier et obtenir de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 De Beers l\u2019implantation dans le pays d\u2019une partie des op\u00e9rations de tri et de vente de diamants qui s\u2019effectuaient jusqu\u2019alors \u00e0 Londres. Autre exemple int\u00e9ressant, malgr\u00e9 ses maigres ressources p\u00e9troli\u00e8res, Singapour<\/a> a su utiliser son r\u00e9seau d\u2019infrastructure et de logistique, notamment portuaire, pour en faire un \u2018point n\u00e9vralgique\u2019. Le pays est parvenu \u00e0 attirer des raffineries p\u00e9troli\u00e8res et d\u2019autres industries p\u00e9trochimiques dans ses zones franches, devenant ainsi une importante plaque tournante de n\u00e9goce d\u2019hydrocarbure dans la r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n

Quelles le\u00e7ons tirer de ces pratiques internationales\u00a0?<\/h4>\n

Le succ\u00e8s ou l\u2019\u00e9chec de politiques visant \u00e0 stimuler la valorisation des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res, et en particulier le d\u00e9veloppement de liens en aval, d\u00e9pend n\u00e9cessairement d\u2019une bonne gouvernance dans le secteur mais \u00e9galement de l\u2019alignement des ambitions du gouvernement pour le secteur minier sur les efforts nationaux, notamment en mati\u00e8re r\u00e8glementaire. Les r\u00e8gles en mati\u00e8re de contenu local doivent rester r\u00e9alistes et applicables en fonction des capacit\u00e9s industrielles disponibles. Elles ne doivent pas devenir des obstacles car elles risquent de compromettre le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019industrie dans son ensemble.<\/p>\n

Le simple fait d\u2019avoir des richesses de sous-sol ne suffirait donc pas pour garantir la transformation r\u00e9ussie des intrants en produits finis. Certains fondamentaux sont n\u00e9cessaires pour attirer et retenir les investissements dans les industries de transformation, notamment (i) l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 un march\u00e9 garanti \u2013 national, r\u00e9gional or international – pour \u00e9couler la production, car l\u2019investissement en amont dans des activit\u00e9s de transformation est souvent \u00e9lev\u00e9; (ii) l\u2019existence d\u2019un r\u00e9seau d\u2019infrastructure efficace et comp\u00e9titif; (iii) l\u2019approvisionnement \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique s\u00fbre et fiable\u00a0; (iv) une main d\u2019\u0153uvre form\u00e9e et comp\u00e9titive; et (v) un climat des affaires favorable au d\u00e9veloppement du secteur priv\u00e9 tels que des mesures facilitant l\u2019investissement, l\u2019acc\u00e8s au cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 des taux comp\u00e9titifs ou encore l\u2019absence de barri\u00e8res administratives.<\/p>\n

L\u2019IGF lance un Guide sur le contenu local pour soutenir les efforts en la mati\u00e8re<\/h4>\n

Afin d\u2019appuyer les pays dans leurs efforts et dans leur processus de d\u00e9cision, L\u2019IGF a r\u00e9cemment publi\u00e9 un Guide sur le contenu local<\/a>, \u00e0 l\u2019intention des d\u00e9cideurs politiques, mais \u00e9galement pour tout acteur directement ou indirectement concern\u00e9 par de telles politiques (tels que les industries mini\u00e8res, les acteurs de d\u00e9veloppement ou la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile).<\/p>\n

Ce Guide fournit un outil en quatre \u00e9tapes pour permettre aux pays de choisir le ou les instruments les mieux adapt\u00e9s, compte tenu de leurs forces et limites, de leurs sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s et des conjonctures structurelles. Les 4 \u00e9tapes sont r\u00e9sum\u00e9s comme suit :<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Le Guide tire des le\u00e7ons des pratiques internationales (29 \u00e9tudes de cas y sont d\u00e9taill\u00e9es) et fournit des exemples de types de mesures ou d\u2019instruments, de nature r\u00e8glementaires ou incitatives. Des sch\u00e9mas d\u00e9cisionnels y sont \u00e9galement propos\u00e9s pour aider les pays \u00e0 identifier les options les mieux adapt\u00e9es.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"**Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 suivre** The exploitation of mineral resources does not automatically translate into industrial development. This can be seen in many countries that are struggling to develop activities to enhance the benefits of their subsoils\u2019 assets. Raw materials are often extracted and exported without having been processed domestically or integrated into local supply chains. Subsequently,… View Article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1305,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[40,33,32],"class_list":["post-3216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-financial-benefits","tag-legal-and-policy","tag-socioeconomic-benefits"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCan Local Content Policies Encourage Local Value Addition of Raw Minerals? - Intergovernmental Forum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Intergovernmental Forum on Mining, Minerals, Metals and Sustainable Development (IGF) works with over 75 governments to strengthen their legal and policy frameworks to promote good governance in mining.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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